篇文章在陳述觀點的時候,往往會從不同的角度來說明。因此,熟悉文章的結構對理解文章和定義資訊十分重要。常見的篇章結構主要有以下幾種:
對比
分類
原因/結果
問題/解決方法
在瞭解篇章結構的特點之後,解題時就比較容易跟隨文章內在的邏輯去思考,從而更深刻地理解文章。
下面將以對比的文章為例,詳細闡述託福閱讀文章的文體特點:
Opportunists and petitors
Paragraph 1
Growth; reproduction; and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy。 The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting; just as finances are budgeted。 If all of one’s money is spent on clothes; there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies。 Similarly; a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction; for this is the surest way to extinction。
All organisms; therefore; allocate energy to growth; reproduction; maintenance; and storage。 No choice is involved; this allocation es as part of the genetic package from the parents。 Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant。 Storage is important; but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance; reproduction; or growth。 Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction。
前兩段介紹不同植物在能量分配方面都存在著差異。從第二段最後一句可以看到:由於所有的植物都要維持生命,所以在生長和繁殖兩方面分配能量的差別可以用於區分植物。這為下文做了鋪墊,引出將植物進行對比的分類依據。
Paragraph 2
Almost all of an organism’s energy can be diverted to reproduction; with very little allocated to building the body。 Organisms at this extreme are“opportunists。”At the other extreme are“petitors;”almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body; with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction。
作者在本段介紹了將植物分成opportunist和petitor的依據——將大部分能量用於繁殖的植物是“投機者”,而將大部分能量用於生長的則是“競爭者”。而在接下來的段落中,將會對比兩種植物的不同。
Paragraph 3~5
Dandelions are good examples of